Xét nghiệm ung thư ruột kết có thể rất quan trọng trước khi bạn nhận thấy bất kỳ dấu hiệu cảnh báo nào. Giảm cân đột ngột, có máu trong phân hoặc thay đổi ruột là những triệu chứng đáng chú ý cho thấy ung thư đã tiến triển
1. Ung thư ruột kết là gì?
Ung thư đại trực tràng, gọi tắt là ung thư ruột kết, là một tình trạng ác tính xảy ra khi có sự phát triển bất thường của tế bào trong ruột kết hoặc trực tràng. Hầu hết các bệnh ung thư ruột kết bắt đầu từ polyp, các tổn thương nổi lên trong mô. Polyp phổ biến ở những người trên 50 tuổi và hầu hết không phải là ung thư. Tuy nhiên, khi chúng là ung thư, chúng có thể không có triệu chứng cho đến khi ung thư tiến triển. Xét nghiệm định kỳ ung thư ruột kết có thể giúp phát hiện các tế bào đáng ngờ trước khi chúng bắt đầu lan ra khắp cơ thể.
Ung thư ruột kết là nguyên nhân hàng đầu thứ hai gây tử vong do ung thư ở Hoa Kỳ, sau ung thư phổi. Đây là loại ung thư ngoài da phổ biến thứ ba ở cả nam và nữ, và ước tính cứ 20 người ở Hoa Kỳ thì có 1 người sẽ phát triển ung thư ruột kết trong đời. Ung thư ruột kết thường bắt đầu mà không có bất kỳ triệu chứng nào, do đó xét nghiệm sớm ung thư ruột kết là một công cụ quan trọng trong chẩn đoán. Hiện tại không có xét nghiệm máu để phát hiện ung thư ruột kết.
2. Xét nghiệm phân
Kiểm tra phân nhằm mục đích phát hiện máu trong phân của bạn, mặc dù sự hiện diện của máu không phải là dấu hiệu chắc chắn của bệnh ung thư. Các polyp lành tính (không phải ung thư) cũng có thể bị chảy máu, cũng như các tình trạng bệnh lý khác nhau như bệnh trĩ. Tìm máu trong phân có thể là một cách đơn giản để phát hiện sớm các vấn đề.
3. Soi đại tràng sigma
Soi đại tràng sigma là một xét nghiệm được thực hiện bởi bác sĩ của bạn trong môi trường lâm sàng. Bạn có thể không cần dùng thuốc an thần cho thủ thuật này, nhưng bạn có thể có các yêu cầu trước thủ thuật để đảm bảo đại tràng sạch phân để đánh giá. Một ống quan sát linh hoạt, được chiếu sáng sẽ được đưa qua hậu môn, vào trực tràng của bạn và vào phần dưới của đại tràng, đại tràng sigma. Khoang này sau đó được lấp đầy không khí để bác sĩ có thể nhìn rõ niêm mạc đại tràng. Nếu ghi nhận bất kỳ sự tăng trưởng đáng ngờ nào, bác sĩ của bạn có thể lấy mẫu hoặc loại bỏ chúng để sinh thiết tại thời điểm đó.
4. Nội soi đại tràng
là một thủ tục lâm sàng rất giống với soi đại tràng sigma, nhưng với một ống quan sát dài hơn cho phép bác sĩ của bạn nhìn thấy toàn bộ đại tràng. Bởi vì ống nội soi phải uốn quanh những phần xa nhất của đại tràng, một số dạng thuốc an thần thường được sử dụng cho thủ thuật này. Giống như soi đại tràng sigma, bác sĩ có thể loại bỏ polyp hoặc lấy mẫu trong quá trình này.
5. Phương pháp tầm soát ung thư đại trực tràng nào tốt nhất?
Bác sĩ sẽ thảo luận về ưu và nhược điểm của từng xét nghiệm với bạn. Xét nghiệm ung thư ruột kết tốt nhất sẽ được xác định dựa trên:
- Sở thích cá nhân
- Bất kỳ biến chứng tiềm năng
- Tiền sử bệnh
- Sự cần thiết của thuốc an thần
- Theo dõi chăm sóc
- Tần suất kiểm tra tiếp theo
- Sự chuẩn bị
- Chi phí
Không phải ai cũng sẽ là ứng cử viên cho mọi hình thức xét nghiệm ung thư ruột kết.
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